The different sub-types of FTD - which affect the person's behaviour and language - reflect different patterns of damage. How to get nutrition during cancer treatment, Small cell, large cell cancer: What this means, Thalidomide: Research advances in cancer and other conditions, When cancer returns: How to cope with cancer recurrence, Stem cells What they are and what they do, Advertising and sponsorship opportunities. { "14.1:_Adaptation" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "14.2:_Cell_Damage_and_Tissue_Repair" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "14.3:_Cancer" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "14.4:_Neurotoxicity" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()" }, { "Section_10:_Absorption" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "Section_11:_Distribution" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "Section_12:_Biotransformation" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "Section_13:_Excretion" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "Section_14:_Cellular_Toxicology" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "Section_15:_Intuitive_Toxicology_and_Risk_Communication" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "Section_16:_Environmental_Toxicology_Environmental_Health_and_One_Health" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "Section_17:_Conclusion" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "Section_1:_Introduction_to_Toxicology" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "Section_2:_Dose_and_Dose_Response" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "Section_3:_Toxic_Effects" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "Section_4:_Interactions" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "Section_5:_Toxicity_Testing_Methods" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "Section_6:_Risk_Assessment" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "Section_7:_Exposure_Standards_and_Guidelines" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "Section_8:_Basic_Physiology" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "Section_9:_Introduction_to_Toxicokinetics" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()" }, [ "article:topic", "showtoc:no", "license:ccbync", "licenseversion:40", "authorname:toxmsdt", "source@http://www.toxmsdt.com" ], https://chem.libretexts.org/@app/auth/3/login?returnto=https%3A%2F%2Fchem.libretexts.org%2FBookshelves%2FEnvironmental_Chemistry%2FToxicology_MSDT%2F6%253A_Principles_of_Toxicology%2FSection_14%253A_Cellular_Toxicology%2F14.2%253A_Cell_Damage_and_Tissue_Repair, \( \newcommand{\vecs}[1]{\overset { \scriptstyle \rightharpoonup} {\mathbf{#1}}}\) \( \newcommand{\vecd}[1]{\overset{-\!-\!\rightharpoonup}{\vphantom{a}\smash{#1}}} \)\(\newcommand{\id}{\mathrm{id}}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\) \( \newcommand{\kernel}{\mathrm{null}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\range}{\mathrm{range}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\RealPart}{\mathrm{Re}}\) \( \newcommand{\ImaginaryPart}{\mathrm{Im}}\) \( \newcommand{\Argument}{\mathrm{Arg}}\) \( \newcommand{\norm}[1]{\| #1 \|}\) \( \newcommand{\inner}[2]{\langle #1, #2 \rangle}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\) \(\newcommand{\id}{\mathrm{id}}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\) \( \newcommand{\kernel}{\mathrm{null}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\range}{\mathrm{range}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\RealPart}{\mathrm{Re}}\) \( \newcommand{\ImaginaryPart}{\mathrm{Im}}\) \( \newcommand{\Argument}{\mathrm{Arg}}\) \( \newcommand{\norm}[1]{\| #1 \|}\) \( \newcommand{\inner}[2]{\langle #1, #2 \rangle}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\)\(\newcommand{\AA}{\unicode[.8,0]{x212B}}\), status page at https://status.libretexts.org. Tissue Engineering: Introduction, Market, Applications and - Stoodnt Chemotherapy side effects: A cause of heart disease? Scars form as part of the bodys healing process. Collagen injections. Any use of this site constitutes your agreement to the Terms and Conditions and Privacy Policy linked below. Surgical scar revision involves removing the entire scar surgically and rejoining the skin. Pulse dye laser is a good choice to use for keloids. Figure 5.1.1 - Layers of Skin: The skin is composed of two main layers: the epidermis, made of closely packed epithelial cells, and the dermis, made of dense, irregular connective tissue that houses blood vessels, hair follicles, sweat glands, and other structures. Most laser therapy for scars is done in conjunction with other treatments, including injections of steroids, use of special dressings, and the use of bandages. Researchers continue to study how to avoid these possible complications. Cryotherapy involves the scar being frozen off. For the testing of new drugs to be accurate, the cells must be programmed to acquire properties of the type of cells targeted by the drug. It is nearly impossible to separate a discussion of cellular toxicity and biochemical toxicity. However, in recent studies, researchers have created human pluripotent stem cells by modifying the therapeutic cloning process. Yen Ling Wang A. 14.2: Cell Damage and Tissue Repair - Chemistry LibreTexts Severe burns can cause skin contractures, which are when the tissue of the skin tightens due to the burning. This involves replacing or attaching skin to an area that is missing skin. The damaged tissue releases substances that cause inflammation and that direct the immune system to do the following: Scars may be formed for many different reasons, including as a result of infections, surgery, injuries, or inflammation of tissue. The final look of a scar depends on many factors, including the skin type and location on the body, the direction of the wound, the type of injury, age of the person with the scar, and his or her nutritional status. Tissue repair and wound healing is a highly orchestrated sequence of complex overlapping events that are precisely timed to repair damage, prevent infection, and restore function of tissue after injury or insult. When a scar first develops on lighter skin, its usually pink or red. The different types of grafts described above have varying risks for rejection (Table 19.3. Necrosis begins as a reduced production of cellular proteins, changes in electrolyte gradient, or loss of membrane integrity (especially increased membrane permeability). Embryonic stem cells. Radiation therapy. It is the same with a tissue. Kumar D, et al. Necrosis generally involves a group of contiguous cells or occurs at the tissue level. To reduce the risk of scarring, you should: Most scars fade over time and dont cause long-term health problems. The main phagocytes involved in acute inflammation are the neutrophils, a type of white blood . Skin grafts are performed by taking a piece of healthy skin from another area of the body (called the donor site) and attaching it to the needed area. Stem Cell Reports. Its a recurring discomfort that usually lasts only a few minutes. 21st ed. See your healthcare provider if youre unhappy with how a scar looks. During embryonic development, certain cells are programmed to die and are not replaced, such as the cells between each developing finger. After treatment, you may not even notice the scar at all. This type of testing will most likely first have a direct impact on drug development for cardiac toxicity testing. (https://www.aad.org/public/diseases/a-z/keloids-self-care), (https://www.aad.org/public/diseases/a-z/scars-overview), (https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/quick-facts-skin-disorders/noncancerous-skin-growths/keloids), Visitation, mask requirements and COVID-19 information, Injury or event that caused the scar, such as surgery, a. Area of tissue damage Area of tissue damage . When skin is injured, the body creates new tissue made of collagen to help reseal itself. Genes, 2020; doi:10.3390/genes12010006. metastasis spread from one part of the body to another. prolapse a dropping or downward displacement of an organ or part, ptosis. Simeon M, et al. Subscribe now and get notified each time we update our website with the latest CodyCross packs! What is type 1 diabetes? Mayo Clinic does not endorse any of the third party products and services advertised. Scientists have successfully transformed regular adult cells into stem cells using genetic reprogramming. Keloids are raised scars that grow and extend beyond the injured area. It makes tissues functional by combining scaffolds, cells and biologically active molecules. Some scars can be minimized by certain dermatological techniques. This research has led to early-stage clinical trials to test usefulness and safety in people. http://www.closerlookatstemcells.org/. It's also called coronary occlusion. The difference between angina and a heart attack is that angina attacks dont permanently damage the heart muscle. This link is provided for convenience only and is not an endorsement of either the linked-to entity or any product or service. Tissue Engineering is the application of science to improve, restore and maintain the damaged tissues or the whole organ. This is because most fat is synthesized and metabolized in liver cells. Update on stem cell technologies in congenital heart disease. As you work toward recovery, the frequently asked questions below can help you better understand whats happened, and how your heart can heal. When plaque within a heart artery breaks, a blood clot forms around the plaque. With sudden cardiac arrest (SCA), the heart malfunctions and suddenly stops beating. Learn more: Vaccines, Boosters & Additional Doses | Testing | Patient Care | Visitor Guidelines | Coronavirus. Before using investigational drugs in people, researchers can use some types of stem cells to test the drugs for safety and quality. A scar may appear flat, lumpy, sunken, or colored. That may be because of the location or because of damage to the vessels. "Mayo," "Mayo Clinic," "MayoClinic.org," "Mayo Clinic Healthy Living," and the triple-shield Mayo Clinic logo are trademarks of Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research. Ischemiais a condition in which the blood flow (and thus oxygen) is restricted or reduced in a part of the body. Ideally, they remain free of genetic defects and continue to create more stem cells. Its a circulation problem. There is a problem with the unsubscribe link in the e-mail. In this situation, the cell has become damaged and is unable to adequately metabolize fat. A new scar will form. Seeking ways to diagnose MS earlier to enable earliest treatment as the best insurance against future damage. The labile cells have a great potential for regeneration by replication and repopulation with the same cell type so long as the supporting structure remains intact. Exploring how alterations in the myelin coating after immune attacks affect the health and behavior of nerve fibers. Treatments vary depending on the type of scar, its location, what caused it and how long youve had it. Although research into adult stem cells is promising, adult stem cells may not be as versatile and durable as are embryonic stem cells. This procedure is often used in addition to the flap surgery. characteristic of cancer. Consequently, where the brain is damaged determines which function is lost. Your provider will recommend precautions (like wearing a pressure garment) if skin starts to thicken and turn into a keloid. Researchers haven't been able to successfully perform therapeutic cloning with humans despite success in a number of other species. Collateral circulation can also develop after a heart attack to help the heart muscle recover. Researchers are testing adult stem cells to treat other conditions, including a number of degenerative diseases such as heart failure. High-dose vitamin C: Can it kill cancer cells? Here are some answers to frequently asked questions about stem cells. To provide you with the most relevant and helpful information, and understand which One type of collagen (made from purified cow collagen) is injected beneath the skin. Area of damaged tissue - crossword puzzle clues & answers - Dan Word Area of damaged tissue Today's crossword puzzle clue is a quick one: Area of damaged tissue. International Society for Stem Cell Research. . Epithelial tissue has a variety of functions depending on where it's located in your body, including protection, secretion and absorption. What is a Heart Attack? | American Heart Association A hole is punched in the skin to remove the scar. Impaired nutrient supply (such as glucose and oxygen) may deprive the cell of essential materials needed for survival. You can also find these cells lining the airways and respiratory system, blood vessels, urinary tract, digestive tract and kidneys. Coronary occlusion: An obstruction of a coronary artery that hinders blood flow to some part of the heart muscle and can cause a heart attack. Skin grafts involve replacing or attaching skin to a part of the body that is missing skin. You'll soon start receiving the latest Mayo Clinic health information you requested in your inbox. Mild traumatic brain injury may affect your brain cells temporarily. Lovell-Badge R, et al. *All health/medical information on this website has been reviewed and approved by the American Heart Association, based on scientific research and American Heart Association guidelines. Pets and Your Health / Healthy Bond for Life, La Iniciativa Nacional de Control de la Hipertensin, the differences between heart attack and cardiac arrest, Connect with other heart attack survivors and caregivers, What Are the Warning Signs of Heart Attack? Cells. In addition to the adaptive cell changes discussed previously, two commonly encountered specific cell changes are associated with toxic exposures, cellular swelling, and fatty change. a) Necrosis 2021; doi:10.1016/j.biopha.2021.111425. Most of these cells are phagocytes, certain "cell-eating" leukocytes that ingest bacteria and other foreign particles and also clean up cellular debris caused by the injury. Talk to your health care professional about your recovery time. A scar may fade so much that you can barely see it, but it never completely goes away. Characteristics of Epithelial Tissue Epithelial tissues play the role of separating two structures from each other. If you are a Mayo Clinic patient, this could So use this information to live healthier and longer. When the stromal framework is damaged, the regenerated parenchymal cells may be irregularly dispersed in the organ resulting in diminished organ function. [Updated 2020 Aug 28]. Skin cancer can develop in scars, especially in burn scars. Investigating whether debris from damage caused by the immune attack causes further damage to nerve cells during the course of MS. Atrophy and skin discoloration are the main side effects. The regenerating cells come from the proliferation of nearby parenchymal cells, which serve to replace the lost cells. This happens when coronary arteries that supply the heart muscle with blood flow become narrowed from a buildup of fat, cholesterol and other substances that together are called plaque. When one toxic chemical inhibits or replaces another essential chemical such as the replacement of oxygen on the hemoglobin molecule with carbon monoxide. Researchers hope stem cell studies can help to: Generate healthy cells to replace cells affected by disease (regenerative medicine). But, because of the damage, your heart may be weakened, and unable to pump as much blood as usual. Transitional epithelia are a special subset of stratified epithelia that consist of ovoid cells that can stretch based on the pressure of liquids inside the organ. 2021; doi:10.3390/cells10113112. Developing high-powered imaging as a window to seeing how MS causes damage and as a tool for tracking the success of treatments. d) Fatty change. 5.1 Layers of the Skin - Anatomy & Physiology A stem cell line is a group of cells that all descend from a single original stem cell and are grown in a lab. These may be worn day and night for up to 4 to 6 months. Apoptosis or "programmed cell death" is a process of self-destruction of the cell nucleus. Stem cell based preclinical drug development and toxicity prediction. Your body builds tissue to repair damaged skin and close gaps due to an injury. Yes, burned skin can be permanent. The tissue response for the labile and stable cells is initially hyperplasia until the organ function becomes normal again. Regenerative medicine. The Anatomy of Brain Trauma, Concussion, and Coma | BrainLine Click here to teach me more about this clue! Wound healing is the process that the skin goes through as it repairs damage from wounds. The fibrotic scar tissue shores up the damage but it cannot replace the function of the lost hepatic tissue. Amniotic fluid fills the sac that surrounds and protects a developing fetus in the uterus. The cell disintegrates into fragments referred to as "apoptotic bodies." Sometimes scars itch, and they may be painful or tender. Techniques to program cells into specific cells are under study. Dallas, TX 75231, Customer Service Pressure therapy. Your body builds tissue to repair damaged skin and close gaps due to an injury. Our expert physicians and surgeons provide a full range of dermatologic, reconstructive and aesthetic treatments options at Cleveland Clinic. The pressure prevents a scar from forming or decreases its size. A scar is usually composed of fibrous tissue. Over time, the pinkish color fades, and the scar becomes slightly darker or lighter than the color of the skin. include protected health information. Their usefulness remains unclear. These types of injections can help soften and then shrink hard scars. Following necrosis, the tissue attempts to regenerate with the same type of cells that have died. In studies, animals with heart failure that were injected with new heart cells experienced improved heart function and survival time. Its Identification Number (EIN) is 13, We use cookies to provide an enhanced experience, to keep our site safe and to deliver specific messaging. Policy. Antioxidant Materials in Oral and Maxillofacial Tissue Regeneration: A These scars may also be removed surgically. At this stage, an embryo is called a blastocyst and has about 150 cells. When a coronary artery narrows and constricts blood flow, other nearby blood vessels that serve the heart sometimes expand to compensate, which may explain why there may be no warning signs. People often use these terms to mean the same thing, but they describe different events. NIH guidelines for human stem cell research. Examples of replacement by metaplasia are: Figure \(\PageIndex{3}\). It is the next chapter in organ transplantation and uses cells instead of donor organs, which are limited in supply. If you or somone close to you has recently been diagnosed, access our MS information and resources. No. Cell swelling is reversible when the cause is eliminated. https://stemcells.nih.gov/info/basics/stc-basics/#stc-I. Figure \(\PageIndex{2}\). Accessed Jan. 21, 2022. Most heart attack survivors have some degree of coronary artery disease(CAD) and will have to make important lifestyle changes and possibly take medication to prevent a future heart attack. The majority of toxic effects, especially due to xenobiotics, are due to specific biochemical interactions without causing recognizable damage to a cell or its organelles. Scar tissue is made primarily of a protein called collagen. For instance, researchers thought that stem cells residing in the bone marrow could give rise only to blood cells. Stem cell therapy for neurological disorders. Introduction. This in turn changes the intracellular electrolyte balance with an influx of fluids into the cell, causing it to swell. When permanent cells die they are not replaced in kind but instead connective tissue (usually fibrous tissue) moves in to occupy the damaged area. Understanding Tissue Damage | National Multiple Sclerosis Society Accessed Jan. 21, 2022. Apoptosis (referred to as "programmed cell death") is a process of self-destruction of the cell nucleus. Epithelial Cells: Definition, Function, Types & Examples The wound healing process can be characterized by four overlapping phases: An initial response to maintain homoeostasis. An inflammatory response to prevent infection. Some toxicants induce apoptosis or, in other cases, they inhibit normal physiological apoptosis. information and will only use or disclose that information as set forth in our notice of These stem cells have the ability to change into specialized cells. The different types of necrosis include: . In apoptosis, the cells shrink from a decrease of cytosol and the nucleus. Understand Your Risks to Prevent a Heart Attack. Because human embryonic stem cells are extracted from human embryos, several questions and issues have been raised about the ethics of embryonic stem cell research. With fat necrosis, some fat cells die instead of forming scar tissue. Click here for an email preview. When the injury is minimal, the tissue may effectively replace the damaged or lost cells. Scar Tissue Pain: Treatment, Symptoms, Starting Years - Healthline Hypertrophic scars may improve naturally. Then the scar is replaced with unscarred skin (often from the back of the earlobe). Laser resurfacing uses high-energy light to burn away damaged skin. Talk to your provider before getting piercings, tattoos or elective surgery (such as cosmetic surgery). Burns can damage the skin in a way that the affected area is unable to return to its normal appearance. If you discover one of these, please send it to us, and we'll add it to our database of clues and answers, so others can benefit from your research. information submitted for this request. Contractures are an abnormal occurrence that happens when a large area of skin is damaged and lost, resulting in a scar. Until recently, researchers thought adult stem cells could create only similar types of cells. Dementia symptoms and areas of the brain | Alzheimer's Society (I've seen this before) This is all the clue. (Image Source: iStock Photos, ). Embryonic stem cells can also grow irregularly or specialize in different cell types spontaneously. Saturday: 9 a.m. - 5 p.m. CT While fatty change can occur in several organs, it is usually observed in the liver. As pulmonary fibrosis worsens, you become progressively more short of breath. 2019; doi:10.7196/SAMJ.2019.v109i8b.14009. Surgical scar revision. Laser resurfacing may be used to minimize wrinkles and refine hypertrophic scars. Researchers have discovered stem cells in amniotic fluid as well as umbilical cord blood. Such progressive deterioration in structure and function rapidly leads to cell death or "necrotic cells." Embryonic stem cells are obtained from early-stage embryos a group of cells that forms when eggs are fertilized with sperm at an in vitro fertilization clinic. How much pumping function is lost depends on the size and location of the scar tissue. ), 1) The process of self-destruction of the cell nucleus (often referred to as "programmed cell death") is known as: Keloids are formed from collagen that the body produces after a wound has healed. All other cells arise from stem cells, including blood cells, nerve cells and others. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Mayo Clinic is a nonprofit organization and proceeds from Web advertising help support our mission. STEMI: A common name for ST-elevation myocardial infarction, it's caused by a complete blockage in a coronary artery. Learn more about ACS. Hyaline cartilage is the most common type in the body. When a heart attack occurs, the heart muscle that has lost blood supply begins to suffer injury. It was last seen in British quick crossword. The most common burns are those caused by hot liquid or steam, building fires, and flammable liquids and gases. Inflammasome-induced extracellular vesicles harbour distinct RNA Traumatic brain injury - Symptoms and causes - Mayo Clinic Your age, genes, ethnicity and overall health. Heart attacks can have longer or shorter recoveries and complications. How much pumping function is lost depends on the size and location of the scar tissue. changed the way researchers think about MS, discovered that unique antibody patterns are associated with different lesion patterns, which could lead to a blood test to help inform treatment decisions, made significant gains in understanding when lesions form and how tissue is damaged, opening up new possibilities for strategies to stop that damage. Small stitches may be used to help hold the skin in place. Regenerative stem cell therapy for degenerative spine conditions (adult). Pressure therapy: An elastic bandage, dressing or stocking puts pressure on a wound during the healing process. They occur more often in darker-skinned people. Necrosis can affect many different areas of your body, including your bones, skin and organs. Heart muscle damaged by a heart attack heals by forming scar tissue. This section presents only a general overview of toxic effects along with some specific types of toxicity that include cancer and neurotoxicity. In some cases, the full capability of the damaged cells returns. This may be a sign of skin cancer, which can grow in a scar. Clusters of cells can be taken from a stem cell line and frozen for storage or shared with other researchers. With constant fibrotic change, the liver function is continually diminished so that eventually the liver can no longer maintain homeostasis. Knowledge is power. A large burn injury is likely to include burned areas of . Monday - Friday: 7 a.m. 7 p.m. CT Always protect scars from the sun to reduce your risk of skin cancer. This damage can range from mild to severe, depending on the severity of the burn. Synthetic hydrogels were shown to provide an effective scaffold for neuronal tissue growth in areas of brain damage, providing a possible approach for brain tissue reconstruction. Punch grafts are small skin grafts to replace scarred skin. The stromal cells are the supporting connective tissues (for example, blood vessels and elastic fibers). sudden, severe; having a short course benign not recurrent or malignant; favorable for recovery; describing a tumor that does not spread (metastasize) to other tissues carcinoma a malignant neoplasm composed of epithelial cells (from Greek root carcino, meaning "crab") (adjective carcinomatous) chronic of long duration; progressing slowly 6 Appointments 216.444.5725. The hypertrophy of one kidney to assume the capacity lost when the other kidney has been lost or surgically removed. These scars may also look red, and are usually thick and raised. Yes. How a scar changes depends on its location, size and type. No other cell in the body has the natural ability to generate new cell types. Treatment for keloid scars varies. In people with dark skin, scars often appear as dark spots. Innate immune cells, including neutrophils and macrophages, are among the first responders to tissue damage and infection (de Oliveira et al., 2016).Macrophages clear damaged tissue and initiate tissue repair, whereas neutrophils, although necessary for host defense, can .

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